In a way, Geomantic figures are to Geomancy what cards are to Cartomancy. They represent the basic bundles of meanings that get shuffled around to form the sentence that will answer the question. So we need to familiarise ourselves with them.

Each Geomantic figure is made up of four rows of points. Each row can contain one or two points, so a figure can contain a minimum of four points (Via) and a maximum of eight (Populus.)

At least since Medieval Geomancy (and possibly before) each of the four rows corresponds to one of the four Aristotelian/Empedoclean elements: Fire, Air, Water, Earth. The question, however, is how important this notion is. Medieval and Renaissance geomancers seem to have almost completely disregarded this set of correspondences beyond the initial mention of them. This seems to conform to a certain premodern gusto for correspondences. If you read Christopher Cattan’s book on Geomancy, you’ll know the amount of practically useless information about elements and astrology that he shoves down our throats before getting to the practical side, where such information is never elaborated on nor used.

To put it more positively, the Medieval mindset was extremely different from our postmodern one. To the Medieval (and the Renaissance is, in spite of all we hear about it, but a colorful appendage to the Middle Ages) the world was an inherently coherent, fully interconnected system of correspondences, wherein the lower and smaller was inscribed into the larger and higher. The Macrocosm/Microcosm distinction played a major role. The Microcosm, i.e., the world of men, was in small what the Macrocosm was in large. Humans themselves, in their complexion, faculties and powers, mirrored the larger scheme of things.

Because all was seen as interconnected, it was impossible for a writer to describe a single art without describing its connection to the whole, as on such connection dependended the art’s legitimacy in the common view. This is why the four rows of a Geomantic figure, for instance, are made to correspond to the head, neck, trunk and feet of a human (microcosm) as well as to the four elemental spheres (macrocosm.)The very attempt to astrologize Geomancy must have catered to the double need to understand it in light of what was considered an already legitimate science on one hand, and to inject the omnipresent beloved astrological symbolism in it on the other.

All this is well and good. But the point remains that we don’t really know how knowledge of the elements is supposed to help us in a geomantic reading. For that matter, we don’t even know what the numbers One and Two are supposed to mean. What does it mean that the figure called Puella has a single point in its Fire row and two in its Air row? Old manuscripts never explain it. Most modern interpreters see one point as an indication that the corresponding element is active or manifest, two that the element is passive or unmanifest (Nick Farrell has proposed a slight variation of the interpretation, though. Check his blog, which is an endless source of fascinating information on all things magic.) They then launch into endless rationalizations on the complex meaning of these elemental configurations.

I don’t share this passion for overanalysis, especially because all this has very little bearing on how actual readings work. John Michael Greer says that old geomancers did not mention all this analytical stuff because it was implicit in their view. I am more inclined to suspect that all this overinterpretation of Geomancy is exquisitely new and very typical of our age. If you are familiar with the ridiculous lengths people will go to in order to justify this or that smear on the cardboard of an ancient tarot card as a deep esoteric secret, you’ll see immediately what I mean.

The Medieval mind was very much acquainted with symbols, but it was also very much used to explaining them outright when they saw them. That’s how we got endless libraries of pedantic manuscripts. But their explanations were rarely tortuous and mind-bending. Because symbols were seen as natural parts of the cosmos, the interpretation of symbols was not something to melt your brains on.

We, on the other hand, learn about symbols in roundabout ways, usually only after we’ve become actively interested in them, and when we do find them, we tend to exaggerate in the interpretation to compensate for the fact that we live in a mundane world of nihilism and meaninglessness. So maybe Puella has two points in its Air row because it symbolizes lack of communication or reasoning ability or some such. It’s more likely that the interpretation of the figures stemmed from a combination of how they more or less looked plus remnants of the old Arabic tradition plus the astrological associations.

What is true, however, is that single and double points have different practical effects on the operation of Geomantic Addition, as mentioned previously. Two points act as a mirror for the corresponding number of points in the other figure, while one point changes the number of points in the other figure from odd to even or from even to odd. In this sense, the current interpretation that one point represents activity and two points represent passivity does seem to hold some water.

This is especially noticeable in the figures of Via and Populus, shown above. Populus, whose every row is made up of two points, passively accepts the figure it is added to, replicating it. Via, on the other hand, is made up of one point in every row, so it turns any figure into its opposite. Interestingly, both figures are attributed to the Moon, astrological ruler of mirrors and chief symbol of change. When you add Via and Populus, you get Via, and whether this is because Populus mirrors Via or because Via changes Populus to its opposite is a matter of interpretation.

The astrological attributions of the figures are as follows:

Figure	Planet	Sign
Via (Way)	Moon	Leo
Populus (People)	Moon	Capricorn
Fortuna Major (Greter Fortune)	Sun	Aquarius
Fortuna Minor (Lesser Fortune)	Sun	Taurus
Puer (Boy)	Mars	Aries (sometimes given as Libra)
Rubeus (Red)	Mars	Gemini
Puella (Girl)	Venus	Libra (sometimes given as Aries)
Amissio (Loss)	Venus	Libra
Acquisitio (Gain)	Jupiter	Aries
Laetitia (Happiness)	Jupiter	Taurus
Carcer (Prison)	Saturn	Pisces
Tristitia (Sadness)	Saturn	Scorpio
Albus (White)	Mercury	Cancer
Conjunctio (Conjunction)	Mercury	Virgo
Caput Draconis (Dragon’s Head)	North Node, The Benefics	Virgo
Cauda Draconis (Dragon’s Tail)	South Node, The Malefics	Sagittarius

You may find tables with different attributions.

The figures are also assigned to the four elements (four each). John Michael Greer says that the figures are assigned an outer element and an inner element, but I don’t know where he pulled this from, as I’ve never seen it in older manuscripts. It may be I’m simply ignorant, but until I see confirmation of this practice I will forebear from using the double element.

Another classification that was considered very important in the past was between incoming or entering and outgoing or exiting figures. This tells us whether something will happen quickly or not, or whether it will last or not. Furthermore, the figures are said to be fortunate, unfortunate or mixed, although some ‘unfortunate’ figures can be good and vice versa. Don’t put too much stock into this classification in good and bad, as whether a figure is good or bad depends on the question. Fortuna Minor is often given as bad, only because it is the opposite of Fortuna Major, but it is actually mostly good.

Figure	Element	Quality	Fortune
Via	Water	Common	Mixed
Populus	Water	Common	Mixed
Fortuna Major	Earth	Entering	Good
Fortuna Minor	Fire	Exiting	Bad
Puer	Air	Exiting	Bad
Rubeus	Fire	Exiting	Bad
Puella	Water	Entering	Good
Amissio	Fire	Exiting	Bad
Acquisitio	Air	Entering	Good
Laetitia	Air	Exiting	Good
Carcer	Earth	Common	Bad
Tristitia	Earth	Entering	Bad
Albus	Water	Entering	Good
Conjunctio	Air	Common	Mixed
Caput Draconis	Earth	Entering	Good
Cauda Draconis	Fire	Exiting	Bad